<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"> <style></style> </head> <body lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple"> <div class="WordSection1"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Dear Stuart,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Hold your horses, till day where IPv6 stands not near to 1 to 10% of utilization across internet. So in so many years IPv6 still not able to catch the eyes of Tier1 or any ISP or simple users.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">So what Elad is offering is still very good option to move ahead at this stage before ipv6 takes off its flight in next decade or so.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">And I can understand deployment will be not that’s straight forward but once it starts flying it will make its own path .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Atif Naveed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Sr. Specialist <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">IGW/ISP Core Network Operations<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">D:+966-11511-1263<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">E:<u>a.naveed@go.com.sa</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#244061"><a href="http://www.go.com.sa"><span style="color:#0563C1">www.go.com.sa</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div> <div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> members-discuss <members-discuss-bounces@ripe.net> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Stuart Willet (primary)<br> <b>Sent:</b> Saturday, April 25, 2020 10:21 PM<br> <b>To:</b> Elad Cohen <elad@netstyle.io>; noc xervers <noc@xervers.pt>; members-discuss@ripe.net<br> <b>Subject:</b> Re: [members-discuss] Technical solution to resolve the IPv4 Exhaustion problem and to add more 4, 294, 967, 296 IPv4 addresses that are needed in the world<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Respectfully, I do not think you have fully considered the logistics involved in updating so much hardware and software.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">What about all the L3 switches and routers not owned by ISP’s?<br> What about bigger ISP’s ad Tier 1’s? Do you honestly believe NTT or Telia will update millions of network devices worldwide for a /21?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Honestly, the update alone is unfeasible, especially when we already have fully working IPv6.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">On that note, everyone has been given an incredible amount of IPv6 space, but this has not picked up anywhere near fast enough.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">I appreciate you believe IPv4+ will be more compatible, but it simply will not work unless the entire world updates all IP based switching and routing platforms as well as operating systems and bespoke hardware.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Stuart Willet.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div> <div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Elad Cohen [<a href="mailto:elad@netstyle.io">mailto:elad@netstyle.io</a>] <br> <b>Sent:</b> 25 April 2020 20:13<br> <b>To:</b> Stuart Willet (primary) <<a href="mailto:stu@safehosts.co.uk">stu@safehosts.co.uk</a>>; noc xervers <<a href="mailto:noc@xervers.pt">noc@xervers.pt</a>>; <a href="mailto:members-discuss@ripe.net">members-discuss@ripe.net</a><br> <b>Subject:</b> Re: [members-discuss] Technical solution to resolve the IPv4 Exhaustion problem and to add more 4, 294, 967, 296 IPv4 addresses that are needed in the world<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">My main issue is that it is not a replacement for IPv6, it is just an additional pool of ip addresses for IPv4, I do understand that IPv4 ip addresses don't come near to the amount of ip addresses in IPv6, but we will always have devices that are too old to be upgraded to IPv6 and the solution I wrote is doubling the amount of IPv4 (comparing to IPv6 it is meaning less but comparing to the number of ip addresses in IPv4 it is doubling the amount of IPv4), and I do believe that more IPv4 addresses will make the transition to IPv6 faster (everyone will be able to support both IPv6 and IPv4 and then transition to only-IPv6 will be smoother).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Regarding the number of devices:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Any routing device with more than two physical routes<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Any BGP router<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Any operating system<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">The operating systems updates can be fast through their automatic update systems, regarding updating the routing equipment - if each ASN will be know the he will receive a free /21 from the IPv4+ you will see that it will be fast as well (and after it each of the 5 RIRs will have more than 800,000,000 new IPv4 addresses).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">When the ip protocol was created with the saved reserved bit, the reserved bit was saved for just such case, for the case that we are in, what better use would be to the reserved bit in the IPv4 packet header if not to double the amount of IPv4 addresses (at the last stage of the transition to IPv6).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Respectfully,<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Elad<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB"> <hr size="2" width="98%" align="center"> </span></div> <div id="divRplyFwdMsg"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Stuart Willet (primary) <<a href="mailto:stu@safehosts.co.uk">stu@safehosts.co.uk</a>><br> <b>Sent:</b> Saturday, April 25, 2020 10:01 PM<br> <b>To:</b> Elad Cohen <<a href="mailto:elad@netstyle.io">elad@netstyle.io</a>>; noc xervers <<a href="mailto:noc@xervers.pt">noc@xervers.pt</a>>; <a href="mailto:members-discuss@ripe.net">members-discuss@ripe.net</a> <<a href="mailto:members-discuss@ripe.net">members-discuss@ripe.net</a>><br> <b>Subject:</b> RE: [members-discuss] Technical solution to resolve the IPv4 Exhaustion problem and to add more 4, 294, 967, 296 IPv4 addresses that are needed in the world</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Sorry, there are far too many Layer3 switches and routers which already support IPv6 and would need to be updated to support IPv4+. </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">There are also many firewalls, both hardware and software which would need updating but can already use IPv6.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">If you had proposed this before the introduction of IPv6 I am sure it would have worked, but it is inferior to IPv6 in two respects.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">1: it would require updating millions of routers, L3 switches, firewalls, operating systems and 3<sup>rd</sup> party devices.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">2: it would not offer anywhere close to the amount of IPv6 addresses which already work.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Best,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Stuart Willet.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"> <p class="xmsonormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> members-discuss [<a href="mailto:members-discuss-bounces@ripe.net">mailto:members-discuss-bounces@ripe.net</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Elad Cohen<br> <b>Sent:</b> 25 April 2020 19:56<br> <b>To:</b> noc xervers <<a href="mailto:noc@xervers.pt">noc@xervers.pt</a>>; <a href="mailto:members-discuss@ripe.net"> members-discuss@ripe.net</a><br> <b>Subject:</b> Re: [members-discuss] Technical solution to resolve the IPv4 Exhaustion problem and to add more 4, 294, 967, 296 IPv4 addresses that are needed in the world</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">It is not a complete new protocol, the reserved bit (in IPv4 packet header) was intended to be reserved for future use, the future usage of it was planned.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">I'm not against IPv6, but IPv6 is not backward compatible with IPv4 by design and the world currently need more IPv4 addresses, the number of IPv4 addresses can be easily doubled even in one week, through operating system update of the biggest operating system vendors and simple firmware upgrades by the routing equipment manufacturers.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">switches are working on layer2, they are not related to ip.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Respectfully,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Elad</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB"> <hr size="2" width="98%" align="center"> </span></div> <div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg"> <p class="xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> noc xervers <<a href="mailto:noc@xervers.pt">noc@xervers.pt</a>><br> <b>Sent:</b> Saturday, April 25, 2020 9:48 PM<br> <b>To:</b> Elad Cohen <<a href="mailto:elad@netstyle.io">elad@netstyle.io</a>>; <a href="mailto:members-discuss@ripe.net"> members-discuss@ripe.net</a> <<a href="mailto:members-discuss@ripe.net">members-discuss@ripe.net</a>><br> <b>Subject:</b> RE: [members-discuss] Technical solution to resolve the IPv4 Exhaustion problem and to add more 4, 294, 967, 296 IPv4 addresses that are needed in the world</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB">That won't be IPv4 but a complete new protocol, and routers/switches/whatever won't support them.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB">It's a better and cleaner solution to move to IPv6.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Cheers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="xxmsonormal"> <span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="xxmsonormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border="0" width="196" height="58" style="width:2.0416in;height:.6041in" id="x_x__x005f_x0000_i1029" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D61B50.DC52DD00" alt="Image removed by sender. 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TrustPilot"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="xxmsonormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="PT"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"> <p class="xxmsonormal"><b><span lang="PT">De:</span></b><span lang="PT"> members-discuss <<a href="mailto:members-discuss-bounces@ripe.net">members-discuss-bounces@ripe.net</a>> <b>Em Nome De </b>Elad Cohen<br> <b>Enviada:</b> s�bado, 25 de abril de 2020 20:21<br> <b>Para:</b> <a href="mailto:members-discuss@ripe.net">members-discuss@ripe.net</a><br> <b>Assunto:</b> [members-discuss] Technical solution to resolve the IPv4 Exhaustion problem and to add more 4, 294, 967, 296 IPv4 addresses that are needed in the world</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Hello Everyone,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">I want to share with you my technical solution to the "IPv4 Exhaustion" problem (without to upgrade each and every router that exist in the internet), using the below implementation there will be more 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses that the world needs so much:</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Currently in an IPv4 packet - the source address and the destination address are being represented each by four bytes, each of these four bytes are being displayed as: [0-255].[0-255].[0-255].[0-255]</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">But it is up to us to choose how we want to display them, for example: four bytes can also be displayed as [0-65535].[0-65535] (two numbers and one dot, the two numbers are bigger because in total they also being represented as four bytes)</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">So there can be one set of 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses (the one that we know in the display format of [0-255].[0-255].[0-255].[0-255])</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">and another set of 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses (with a new format of [0-65535].[0-65535])</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">We need to have a mark, a flag, in the ip packet header - in order to know if the source address is of the old formatting (IPv4) or of the new formatting (lets call it IPv4+), for that mark the 'reserved bit' in the ip header can be used, so in case the source address is of IPv4+ or in case that the destination address is of IPv4+ (or in case that both the source and destination addresses are of IPv4+) then the reserved bit in the ip header will be set to 1 , we then also need to know exactly if the source address is of IPv4+ or not (meaning of IPv4) and if the destination address is of IPv4+ or not (meaning of IPv4) - this can be done by marking the DF flag if the source address is of IPv4+ (and not marking the DF flag if the source address is of IPv4) and marking the MF flag if the destination address is of IPv4+ (and not marking the MF flag if the destination address is of IPv4), by using the DF and MF bits which are related to fragmentation (whenever the reserved bit is set to '1') we are losing the ip fragmentation functionality for any traffic with an IPv4+ address (for traffic between two IPv4 addresses, the reserved bit is not set to '1' and hence optional ip fragment functionality is unchanged)</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">We need to know the MTU before an IPv4+ packet will be sent, because no fragmentation will be able to be done with IPv4+ , the current "Path MTU Discovery" (RFC 1191) is not good for that case because it is using the DF bit which we are using as well (and in IPv4+ traffic a DF flag set to 1 is marking that the source address is of IPv4+), and also ICMP protocol can be blocked by routers in the routing path, the solution is to send multiple udp requests (with fixed known MTU sizes) to the destination address (lets call it IPv4+ handshake) - the destination address may or may not receive them (in case a router in the routing path have multiple upstreams and wasn't upgraded to an upper version that supports IPv4+ then it will not recognize the reserved bit and the DF and MF bits related to it, it will not recognize the new IPv4+ addresses and even if the reserved bit is set to '1' and MF flag is set to '1' in the ip packet - it will route to to the destination address just like it is an IPv4 address and not IPv4+ address, meaning to a completely different destination address) - in case the destination address indeed received the IPv4+ packets - it will send back the udp requests to the source address at the exact same sizes (with the reserved bit flag set to '1' and with the DF and MF flags set accordingly) - when the source address will receive them - the source address will know that the destination address is supporting IPv4+ , that ip packets with new IPv4+ formatting will reach the destination and the source address will know what is the biggest size of the udp request that was received - and it will be the MTU for that specific connection between the source and the destination addresses (The IPv4+ handshake will be done again if there is no response from the destination after the initial udp handshake was already completed successfully).</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">The udp handshake between a source address and a destination address (that any of them or them both is an IPv4+ address) will use a specific udp port, an availalbe unassigned port between 0 to 1023, an operating system networking stack (that was updated for IPv4+ with the operating system automatic updating system) will know exactly what this udp port is for - and will react accordingly, the upgraded operating system networking stack will also check that the destination address (in the IPv4 or in the IPv4+ format) is set locally in the operating system, before sending the udp requests back to the source address (if not then the ip packet will be dropped by the upgraded operating system networking stack). Any operating system that wasn't upgraded to support IPv4+ - will just drop that kind of udp requests.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">IPv4+ is fully backward compatible to IPv4 (and any router that was not upgraded yet to IPv4+ will not cause IPv4 traffic to break), it is also not adding any new fields to ip packets or using new fields, IPv4+ will not cause any performance overload for any supported router.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">The reason that the MF and DF bits are being use for IPv4+ and not the ToS / IP-ID / Options in ip header are being used is because we cannot be 100% sure that the ToS / IP-ID / Options in the ip header will not be changed or dropped by any rouer in the routing path that wasn't upgraded to IPv4+ (and we don't want to upgrade any router in the world because it is an impossible mission) - in the ip header ToS is being cleared by some routers - IP-ID can be changed by NAT routers - Options field is dropped by many routers, we can trust that the DF and MF flags will not be modified in the routing path by routers that weren't upgraded to IPv4+.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">For the above solution not all the internet devices in the world needs to be patched/upgraded to support IPv4+ which is an impossible mission, end-users operating systems need to be upgraded (but it can be done simply using their automatic updating system), BGP routers (and any router with multiple physical routing paths) will need to have its firmware upgraded to support IPv4+, any NAT router that will want to use an external IPv4+ address will need to have its firmware upgraded (any NAT router that will use an external IPv4 address will not need to have its firmware upgraded, only the internet devices in the LAN of the NAT router will need to have a single operating system update in order for them to access IPv4+ addresses in the internet), any home router (not NAT) or home modem will not need to have a firmware upgrade and IPv4+ functionality will be transparent to them. </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">The deployment of IPv4+ can be fairly easy and very fast, a round table of one person from each one of the 5 RIRs and from each one of the operating systems vendors and from each one of the router manufacture vendors. Even if IPv4+ will be deployed over time, it will not cause the internet to break (devices that need to be upgraded to IPv4+ and didn't yet will work exactly as they are now with IPv4, they will just not yet support IPv4+).</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">The above will resolve the "IPv4 Exhaustion" problem and will bring to each one of the 5 RIRs almost 900,000,000 new IPv4+ addresses that will be able to the provided to the LIRs worldwide, if you have any question please let me know.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Respectfully,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class="xxmsonormal"><span lang="PT" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Elad</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>